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    Asia y el viaje cultural del cannabis

    Updated:83 comentariosLectura de 6 min

    Proyección económica, conquista y el viaje cultural del cannabis.

    Trazando un paralelismo con la proyección económica que China apunta a conquistar para 2050, su famosa Ruta de la Seda, senderos, carreteras y toda vía de comunicación que le permita conquistar Medio Oriente y Europa con su comercio, el cannabis viajó culturalmente en ese mismo sentido miles de siglos antes.

    Las primeras comprobaciones empíricas datan del periodo prehistórico Neolítico, era de la piedra, donde las civilizaciones comienzan a practicar el sedentarismo y la agricultura. Allí el registro de arqueólogos concuerda en el cultivo libre de cáñamo para armar cuerdas y chozas en el 10.000 a.C. Este es considerado el primero de sus múltiples usos.

    Pero el cáñamo seguía dando utilidades. En el 2.000 a.C, atrás quedó la utilización de pieles animales para cubrirse. La cultura Yangshao (de origen chino) fue la primera en utilizar el cannabis para la creación de ropa, cuerdas y máquinas fabricadas a base de fibra cáñamo.

    Pero no solo las civilizaciones asiáticas descubrían los diferentes usos que daba el cáñamo. Desde el poder, la historia pone a Shen-Nung como el emperador del Cannabis (3.000 a.C) quien documentó “los poderes” probados para contrarrestar los dolores de gota, reuma, estreñimiento, malaria, gripe, desmayos y la “debilidad femenina” como le llamaban al dolor menstrual.

    Importante destacar es que el uso de la planta de cannabis sobre heridas actuaba como calmante, lo que produjo que muchos guerreros consumieran Bhang, bebida a base de leche y cannabis, junto a otros frutos secos, previo a cada batalla. Sobre todo era muy deseada por el imparable Imperio Romano.

    La cultura asiática sobre el uso del cannabis se fue expandiendo en las sociedades occidentales y  sobre el poder político, como Ramses III (1700 a.C.) quien testimonia sobre las propiedades del cannabis en varios papiros egipcios.

    El uso medicinal luego se trasladó a India donde la planta se convirtió en sagrada y tomó el nombre de Ganjah, por la diosa Khali, denominación muy utilizada en América Latina en el siglo XIX. Ya en la Edad Moderna, el famoso médico irlandés William O’Shaughnessy (1808-1889) conocido como “el abuelo del cannabis” llevó la medicina verde a las habitaciones de la corona británica.

    Casi como una Ruta de la Seda la cultura del cannabis se expandió de Asia a occidente, para luego llegar a América.

    China

    Es el mayor productor de cáñamo, posee la mitad de las 600 patentes registradas a nivel mundial. Actualmente, en la provincia de Heilongjiang, el cultivo del cáñamo industrial, médico o comercial es legal. Los agricultores reciben ingresos aproximados de 3000 dólares (unos 2600 euros) por hectárea.

    La mayor parte de la producción es comprada por el mismo gobierno chino para la confección de uniformes militares. Este rendimiento se sitúa por encima del que aportan otras especies, como el maíz o el trigo, desde el 2003 cuando se regularizó su situación.

    Actualmente China tiene 1.393 millones de habitantes, con un diagnóstico de casi 10 millones de ciudadanos con epilepsia por año. Dato que no está en el debate del país oriental para avanzar con el uso medicinal.

    Aunque tanto la marihuana recreativa como la medicinal son ilegales en China, sentencia hasta con pena de muerte por causa de contrabando, los productos con CBD están permitidos siempre y cuando hayan obtenido la aprobación del gobierno.

    Corea del Sur

    Se convirtió en la primera nación del este asiático en legalizar el cannabis terapéutico. En 2018 el Partido Demócrata, impulsó la reforma de la Ley Nacional de Control de Drogas, permitiendo la importación solo de cannabidiol (CBD) para uso medicinal en pacientes con enfermedades de epilepsia, cáncer cerebral o demencia.

    El Centro de Medicamentos Huérfanos de Corea (Korea Orphan Drug Center) controla que esto se cumpla.

    La Ley Nacional de Control de Drogas de Corea del Sur castiga con hasta 5 años de cárcel a los ciudadanos que fuman, poseen, compran o venden marihuana y están obligados a pagar una multa de entre 100.000 y 200.000 millones de won coreanos (unos 90.000-180.000 $).

    Tailandia

    Es otro de los países asiáticos que avanza en la legalización para producción, estudio y distribución del cannabis medicinal, avalado por el gobierno. La vocera del gobierno Trisulee Trisaranakul dijo que el ministro de Salud presentó una propuesta de enmienda a la Ley de Narcóticos para expandir el acceso al cannabis médico en el país.

    La ley actual les permite solamente al gobierno y a aquellos involucrados en el cultivo del cannabis medicinal con permiso del ministerio dedicarse a esas actividades para desarrollar conocimiento médico en colaboración con el gobierno.

    De momento, Tailandia ya cuenta con dos plantaciones para cultivar una variedad de cannabis amplia en CBD y con menos del 1% THC.

    El país ya cuenta con sus dos primeras clínicas para dispensar aceite de cannabis para tratamientos, un paso en la política del gobierno de promover el uso licenciado de productos de marihuana para aliviar los síntomas de diversas enfermedades.

    Japón

    En la actualidad es ilegal consumir o poseer cannabis en Japón. La Ley de Control del Cannabis (Cannabis Control Act) se introdujo en 1948, cuando el país fue ocupado por los EE. UU. después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, bajo el control del general MacArthur. Desde entonces, no se han introducido cambios significativos.

    La ilegalidad otorga una pena de cárcel de hasta siete años, y también a pagar una multa de 3.000.000 yenes.

    Aunque las autoridades japonesas adoptan una línea dura en lo que respecta al cannabis, la legislación sí permite el uso y la venta de CBD. Se legalizó en 2016, y hoy algunas empresas tienen autorización para producir productos de CBD. Sin embargo, hasta 2018 no se le permitió a las empresas que anunciasen sus productos.

    Por su parte, el cultivo de cáñamo es legal, pero solo con una licencia oficial. Hay dos tipos de licencias, y la más fácil de obtener es la de cultivo de cáñamo bajo en THC. ‘Tochigishiro’ es la variedad más cultivada, ya que sus niveles de THC son notablemente bajos.

    El sudeste asiático, reúne la mayoría de las condiciones para posicionarse en el mercado mundial del cannabis: historia, cultura, territorio fértil, habitantes y población adulta los más demandantes de medicina.

    Pero el problema se reitera: la disputa comercial con Estados Unidos, quien ya permitió la importación británica de CBD, al tiempo que se opuso de forma firme a la exportación de cannabis por parte de otro país aliado, Israel.

    ¿Se convertirá en el gigante dormido que puede dominar el mercado del CBD mundial en los próximos años?

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