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    EEUU: Joe Biden anunció un indulto masivo para los presos por cannabis

    1.081 comentariosLectura de 4 min

    El presidente de Estados Unidos, Joe Biden anunció una serie de indultos para las personas presas por cannabis.

    Se trata de la primera medida concreta en miras a una futura despenalización de la marihuana a nivel federal, es decir, nacional.

    La medida impulsada por Biden alcanzará a todas las causas federales por tenencia simple de marihuana, al mismo tiempo que instó a los gobernadores a implementar medidas similares, multiplicando la cantidad de personas que recibirán este tipo de indulto y que según cálculos del mismo gobierno de EEUU se trata de miles de personas.

    Joe Biden. Foto: A24.

    El anuncio llega a un mes de las futuras elecciones de noviembre, para las que varios candidatos se refirieron a la regulación federal de la marihuana como parte central de las campañas. 

    Paralelamente se ordenará que el Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos junto a la Fiscalía General realicen una reevaluación del estatus legal del cannabis, el primer paso hacia una regulación que permita el acceso a la planta. Un paso de color administrativo, pero imprescindible para poner fin a la prohibición.

    Derecho estatal y derecho federal

    Estados Unidos es un país con una fuerte tradición de autonomía de sus estados. En ese sentido, cada territorio tiene amplias facultades para legislar sobre diversos asuntos, entre ellos las sustancias prohibidas.

    Una de las discusiones más fuertes de la última década se da, justamente, respecto a cómo legislar sobre el cannabis. Mientras cada vez más estados optan por regular el cannabis, total o parcialmente, el estado federal mantiene la prohibición tal como fue establecida en los años 30.

    De esta manera, por ejemplo, en muchas ocasiones la Justicia Federal y sus agencias han tenido criterios completamente opuestos con funcionarios y fuerzas de seguridad de los estados.

    Un ejemplo claro son los aeropuertos: en aquellos que son territorio federal la mera tenencia de cannabis puede generar una detención y la apertura de una causa penal, pero si la misma situación se da en un espacio estatal donde el cannabis es legal no existe la más mínima posibilidad de una intervención policial.

    Por otra parte, Estados Unidos es el país con más cantidad de personas presas del planeta. En sus cárceles, muchas de ellas privadas, se alojan más de 2.100.000 personas. El segundo país es China, con una población carcelaria de 1.650.000 personas.

    Esa superpoblación es mayormente de origen afrodescendiente o latino. Y muchas de estas personas se encuentran detenidas por delitos menores vinculados a sustancias prohibidas, siendo el cannabis la principal.

    Eso, además del clamor de los diferentes estados legalizadores por un cambio de políticas a nivel nacional, fue lo que hizo que la revisión de las políticas federales en torno al cannabis fueran parte de las promesas de campaña del actual presidente estadounidense.

    Reparación histórica

    “Nadie merece estar en la cárcel por tener o usar marihuana” declaró Biden en un video donde anunció el alcance de sus futuras medidas. “Es legal en muchos estados y los antecedentes penales por tenencia de cannabis son barreras innecesarias para la obtención de empleo, vivienda y oportunidades educativas”, argumentó.

    Y concluyó de manera contundente: “Demasiadas vidas han cambiado debido a nuestro enfoque fallido respecto a la marihuana. Es hora de corregir estos errores”.

    Aunque la medida de Biden implica un adelanto, no modifica la situación legal actual del cannabis en Estados Unidos, que continúa en las listas de sustancias sin uso medicinal y restringida a nivel federal.

    En ese sentido, hay un dato importante: si efectivamente el Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos y la Fiscalía General revisan la clasificación del cannabis a nivel federal, dejaría de estar en la lista de sustancias controladas consideradas de alto riesgo, como a heroína. Una recalificación sería absolutamente clave para un legalización en todo el país del norte.

    Más allá de lo que eso implicaría fronteras adentro, podría implicar un cambio de paradigma a nivel internacional. Estados Unidos fue el principal promotor de la prohibición a nivel internacional que se cristalizó en la Convención Única de Estupefacientes de 1961, donde los países miembros de la ONU acordaron las bases de las leyes prohibicionistas que luego se fueron plasmando en cada territorio.

    De hecho, los tratados internacionales son utilizados como una de los principales argumentos por quienes sostienen los inconvenientes que podría generar una regulación local sin acuerdos más allá de las fronteras. Todo indicaría que ese escenario está camino a un giro sin precedentes.

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