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    A 45 años del último golpe militar, repasamos el avance de la ley de drogas.

    Updated:1.750 comentariosLectura de 5 min

    A 45 años del último golpe militar, repasamos el avance de la ley de drogas durante los ciclos más oscuros de la historia argentina.

    Para comprender el recorrido histórico de la ley de drogas, es necesario aclarar que la cronología de hechos no explican de por sí mismas un “sentido”, sino son cristalizaciones de complejos procesos sociales y culturales que luego se plasman en legislaciones, disputa mediante de intereses y poderes.

    Ya en los comienzos de la década del 20, donde si bien no había estadísticas oficiales, en los textos de tango, las crónicas policiales y diarios de la época, hablaban de “mareados” como consumidores de drogas. A pesar de no ser una problemática social para Argentina, por presiones diplomáticas, se adscribe al primer tratado internacional sobre el control de drogas: Convención Internacional del Opio (1912).

    Es en esta época que el debate legislativo comienza, entre la mirada de las fuerzas de seguridad y la disciplina médica: algo que aún hoy resiste como control social –penalizar o internar-. Es en 1924 que se sanciona la ley 11.309, impulsada por el médico y diputado radical Leopoldo Bard, que introduce en el Código Penal, la regulación de la importación, comercio y prácticas profesionales en las que medien sustancias toxicológicas. En aquella época, aun no se hablaba de combatir el narcotráfico, más bien la idea era el “suministro infiel” de medicamentos por parte de profesionales. Aunque también incluían a los ciudadanos que la posean.

    1960- Golpe militar y la ONU.

    Es a comienzos de los sesenta que “el problema de las drogas”, vuelve a la escena política argentina y nuevamente impulsado por la presión internacional. El nuevo paradigma moral de Estados Unidos para occidente se concreta en 1961 con el Convenio Único sobre Estupefacientes de Naciones Unidas, con regulación estricta en el cultivo, venta y distribución de plantas de consumo: Adormidera (Opio), Arbusto de coca y la planta de Cannabis. El gobierno de facto de Juan Carlos Onganía adhiere en 1963 esta decisión de perseguir dichas sustancias.

    Pese a ser una dictadura signada por una moral nacionalista-católica, la redacción de la nueva reforma del Código Penal, que introduce el Convenio de la ONU, aclara que será la tenencia “que exceda las correspondientes a un consumo personal” penalizada. Paradoja de la historia que un gobierno de facto que perseguía a hombres por usar el pelo largo, a mujeres por llevar minifaldas, quemaba bibliotecas y perseguía estudiantes, había dejado en su redacción punitivitas el consumo personal como un acto de esfera privada exenta del control del estado.

    “Democracia” y la última dictadura

    Entrado los setenta, los Estados ven sin resultados el discurso sobre  de la demonización de las plantas y las penas e internación de pacientes por toxicomanía, y un nuevo capítulo llega al “combate de las drogas”. El nuevo enemigo es el narcotráfico y la problemática social. El Estado llevará a cabo la represión y violencia para los usuarios de sustancias ilícitas.

    Es en 1971 cuando nuevamente el lobby norteamericano impulsa un nuevo tratado en las Naciones Unidas: Convención de sustancias psicotrópicas que agrega, al vigente de 1961, las sustancias producidas en laboratorios, incluidas en las listas (I-II-III-IV). Es el famoso discurso de Richar Nixon, presidente de Estados Unidos,  calificando a las drogas como “el enemigo público, no económico, número uno”, creando la DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency), como organismo de control de narcotráfico y forjando un nuevo paradigma mundial, del cual Argentina no evade y se subordina a los mandatos del norte.
    Para adecuar el discurso a nivel nacional, el ministro de Bienestar Social, José “El Brujo” López Rega, declara que “las guerrillas son los principales consumidores de drogas”, por ende la campaña antidroga pasa a ser una campaña antiguerrilla. La reforma del Código Penal en tiempos de Onganía es derogada por “ineficaz” y la situación legal retrocede a los años veinte. 

    Es en 1974 que López Rega sanciona un nueva ley 20.711, incrementando las penas para la simple tenencia de 1 a 6 años, y ahora sí, penalizando el uso de estupefacientes para consumo personal. Pero como todo suceso ejemplificador de la moral, las buenas conductas y el castigo si se evade, tenía que demostrarse en causa judicial. Así fue que la Corte Suprema de la última dictadura 1976 (las más sangrienta y atroz) tuvo su fallo “Ariel O. Calvini” (1978), a quien un grupo policial lo detuvo con dos cigarrillos de Cannabis Sativa Linneo. Le dictan dos años de prisión y en los argumentos se describen frases como: “calamidad social comparable a las guerras”; “consecuencias tremendas de esta plaga”; “economía de los pueblos”; “destrucción de la familia”. Y además agrega que “si no existieran usuarios o consumidores, no habría interés económico en producir, elaborar y traficar”.

    Así la última dictadura cívico-militar continúo no solo la persecución de usuarios sino que, con motivo de la lucha contra las guerrillas, sumó vínculos de las fuerzas de seguridad provincial, instituciones civiles de la alta sociedad, como el Jockey Club de Rosario, y delincuentes comunes para penetrar el delito organizado junto a generales bolivianos dedicados al narcotráfico. Este armado territorial confluyó para financiar, mediante el narcotráfico, el golpe militar que el Gral. García Meza en Bolivia 1980.

    La democracia argentina (1983) heredaría la ley 20.771, con pequeñas modificaciones de 2 a 3 años la opción para aplicar una condena  de prisión condicional, así como un límite a la prisión preventiva de un máximo de dos años. Aunque el mayor avance es el cambio de clima político para debatir su aplicación. En 1986 llegaría el famoso caso “Bazterrica Gustavo Mario”.

    La fuente de esta nota corresponde al libro Marihuana en Argentina “Historia, rendimiento, usos industriales y terapéuticos de la cannabis sativa” por Chris Conrad, Ignacio Canabal, Pablo Ascaloni y Diego Bertone (Argentina, Rosario 2014)

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