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    El curioso caso de la semilla de cáñamo

    Updated:1.252 comentariosLectura de 5 min

    Conocidas como cañamones en manuales y enciclopedias, los simientes de cáñamo fueron un elemental aliado en la evolución de la humanidad. 

    Pero, de qué forma fue un eslabón imprescindible para nuestra historia. La semilla cañamera nos ayudó y simplificó de muchas cotidianas maneras, hasta las menos pensadas. La importancia de saber más acerca del cañamón, sus utilidades y cómo llegó hasta acá.

    GERMINACIÓN

    Generalmente, hoy día, cuando se habla de la semilla de cáñamo se le atribuye al uso alimenticio y nutricional para consumo humano. Pero no fue así hasta sus -relativamente actuales- hallazgos de los compuestos que posee.

    Si bien ahora en algunos países es posible adquirir productos como barritas, pastas, chocolates, granola y otros más, a base de la semilla, por incidencia directa de la acérrima prohibición y la falta de investigación a cuestas, recién entrados en los años 2000 se empezaron a conocer a nivel científico y de laboratorio realmente sobre las proteínas, minerales, fibras y aminoácidos que encierra el cofre natural, haciendo alusión al simiente.

    Existen descubrimientos arqueológicos bastantes actuales que datan de hace 10mil años en donde se vislumbra que la semilla cañamera se usaba para sustento alimenticio, aunque, vale decir, no era la única manera de empleo que se le tenía.

    Entonces, ¿Servía para otros quehaceres el grano de cáñamo? La respuesta es que la planta más antigua que supimos domesticar nos benefició y aportó de variadas, avanzadas y peculiares maneras a lo largo de la historia.

    RADÍCULA

    Como dato histórico, en el primer censo nacional de Argentina, realizado en 1869, en la sección de profesiones de la provincia de Mendoza, figuraban tres “cañamoneros”, en otras palabras, que trabajaban la semilla de cáñamo o cañamón, pero no describe para qué se empleaba, cuál era su fin, si para resiembra u otra utilidad productiva.

    Con regularidad, en libros, diccionarios y glosarios especializados de la época -circa 1950- a la planta de cáñamo se le hacía mención por ser una especie de cultivo industrial para textil, al igual que el lino por ej.

    Las veces que dedicaban unas líneas a los cañamones eran para resaltar su capacidad extra como alimento para aves o palomas, ya que en esa época afloraban las sociedades colombófilas y se decía que eran muy buenas para reproducción.

    Así, a modo descriptivo, se especificaban en publicaciones de ese periodo (como revistas especializadas) algunas variedades y especímenes de aquellos momentos para cultivar.

    Se comercializaban: *Cáñamo Común, de 1 a 1,5m de altura, muy difundido en Europa para fibra y semillas; *Cáñamo del Piamonte, alcanza hasta 4mts, muy cultivado en Italia y Francia; *Cáñamo de la China, en buenas condiciones llega a los 7mts, muy extendido en oriente, extra calidad en sus fibras; y *Cáñamo de la India, pretendido por sus hojas y flores que segregan una especial resina.

    Más atrás en la historia, cuando los españoles llegaron a América trajeron consigo desde Europa, no solamente aparejos náuticos hechos de cáñamo como velas, cuerdas y la vestimenta de tripulantes y navegantes, sino que también transportaron semillas tanto para sembrar en el territorio conquistado como para extracción de su aceite, con ello era esencial combustible y servía para mantener encendidas las lámparas o candiles.

    Para sumar utilidades, los famosos cuadros de Rembrandt, Van Gogh y Gainsborough fueron básicamente pintados muchas veces con pinturas que tenían como base aceite de cáñamo. De igual manera, uno de los primeros modelos de automóvil de Henry Ford fue construido principalmente para funcionar con aceite de cáñamo en un motor biodiesel.

    En resumen, y en clave de revisionismo, los granos de cáñamo fueron aprovechados de muchas maneras tanto curiosas como eficientes, todas en beneficio de mejorar la calidad, las relaciones y el buen funcionamiento de la sociedad. Como se ve, el cañamón sirvió en todas las etapas de la historia, no importa cuando sea la fecha.

    COTILEDEÓN

    La semilla de cáñamo en definición botánica es un fruto aquenio (como girasol, cáscara dura y centro tierno). Es de sabor suave, similar al de la nuez. Se lo considera un tipo de grano oleaginoso porque contiene mucho líquido graso en su interior.

    De su proceso, se pueden extraer variedad en materias primas y subproductos en formatos como aceite, proteína, harina, descascaradas, enteras… y hasta leche. Se consideran como el alimento más completo que se puede encontrar en una sola planta. Las semillas con mayor valor proteico (hasta un 34%) y de ácidos grasos esenciales (omega 3 y omega 6 en perfecto balance 3:1), además de poseer microelementos como manganeso, calcio, hierro.

    No contiene gluten ni alérgenos. Pensar que estos -resumidos- beneficios devenidos del cañamón se supieron a modo científico relativamente hace poco, recién entrado el S.XXI, es decir que durante a lo largo de la historia, si bien se utilizaba en la gastronomía, recién hoy el conocimiento severo y minucioso acerca de los beneficios en la salud humana y animal está en pleno crecimiento y descubrimiento.

    Vale decir que no se hablaba del aspecto nutricional del cáñamo pero tampoco se hacía mención por la cantidad de cannabinoides que contenía la especie, no de la manera que se hace en la actualidad (menos de 1% dependiendo el Estado y su regulación para considerar cáñamo) sino que se promocionaba el cultivo cañamero por el tipo y finalidad industrial del cultivo.

    Ni Colón ni Belgrano ni Steverlynck se fijaron en el THC para fomentar, cultivar y procesar la planta de cáñamo para riqueza del pueblo y de la región.

    PLÁNTULA

    Estuvo esa gran etapa en donde se daba valor supremo al cañamón. Qué pasó que durante años se le hacía hasta reverencias al fruto y después se suplantó por otros productos totalmente en perjuicio del planeta, y por ende, de nosotros? Cuando hoy día se necesita de un desarrollo más en sintonía con el ambiente, contemplar y observar en el pasado es mirar hacia futuro. Forjar un porvenir haciendo base en la semilla cañamera, con inventiva e invención, resulta ser afrontarlo sin azar y bien nutrido.

    Nota por Germán Pereira.

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