Según datos oficiales, las infracciones a la Ley de Drogas (23.737) representan la tercera causa de encarcelamiento en la provincia de Buenos Aires. Y, en particular, son la primera causa respecto de mujeres cis, trans y travestis.
En particular, de acuerdo al Servicio Penitenciario Bonaerense, los delitos vinculados a las drogas explican la detención del 40% de las mujeres cis y el 72% de las mujeres trans y travestis.
Como contracara, solo el 11% de los varones que están presos tienen causas vinculadas a sustancias psicoactivas.
Las desigualdades de género son una variable pocas veces observadas en las causas penales en materia de drogas. Por ese motivo, el ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos de la provincia de Buenos Aires presentó una guía para la investigación y el juzgamiento con perspectiva de género en materia de drogas.
Este documento recopila material teórico y sentencias que servirá como material de consulta para los operadores judiciales. El objetivo es que los funcionarios puedan tener información acerca de las circunstancias en que las mujeres cis, trans y travestis involucradas en investigaciones vinculadas al narcotráfico.
La guía para el juzgamiento de casos de drogas con perspectiva de género pretende ser una herramienta para comenzar a resolver un problema complejo.
La guía fue trabajada en conjunto con el ministerio de Mujeres, Políticas de Género y Diversidad Sexual de la provincia. Su elaboración estuvo a cargo de la subsecretaría de Política Criminal del ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos.
“Es necesario que la Justicia direccione la persecución penal a quienes ocupan los lugares menos visibles de las asociaciones criminales, a aquellos que tienen mayor rentabilidad y que muchas veces tienen posibilidad de producir más daños”, aseguró el subsecretario Lisandro Pellegrini, en diálogo con THC.
Para acceder a la guía se debe seleccionar el siguiente link.
Una guía para tratar causas de drogas con perspectiva de género
El objetivo de la guía es colaborar con la formación de los operadores judiciales para que puedan evaluar en cada caso concreto por qué determinada mujer quedó involucrada en una causa. ¿Tenía otra opción?, ¿actuó coaccionada por un tercero?, ¿ocupaba un lugar relevante en la cadena de mando?
Las estadísticas son la muestra más clara de que las desigualdades de género tienen una consecuencia concreta en la situación penal de esta población.
El narcomenudeo y las tenencias simples en pequeña escala son los delitos más frecuentes por los que las mujeres son imputadas. Por eso, la guía recopiló fallos en los que todas las circunstancias de las mujeres fueron consideradas.
Sentencias judiciales con perspectiva de género
El Tribunal Oral en lo Criminal N° 1 de Necochea, por ejemplo, condenó a una mujer en el 2019 por tenencia para la comercialización. Sin embargo, en la sentencia se consideró la falta de antecedentes, la escasa cantidad de sustancias y que la comercialización fue para solventar sus propios consumos problemáticos.
Por otro lado, la Fiscalía General N° 3 de los Tribunales Orales Federales de CABA fallaron en dos oportunidades (en 2018 y 2019) incluyendo perspectiva de género en sus sentencias. En ambos casos las imputadas eran mujeres trans y travestis por delitos asociados a la comercialización de estupefacientes. Los jueces consideraron que debía tener en cuenta la pertenencia a un colectivo con un alto índice de padecimiento de violencia y con obstáculos en el acceso de derechos.
Pellegrini insistió en que la guía debe ser un material dinámico y en constante actualización para tratar los causas de drogas con una perspectiva de género.
“Si en cinco años el texto está igual, algo hicimos mal. El año que viene se debería hacer un anexo con más sentencias y nuevo material”, dijo Pellegrini.
Los fiscales, los jueces y todos los operadores bonaerenses tienen este material a disposición. El objetivo es que puedan analizar qué argumentos dieron otros jueces para avanzar en las imputaciones, reducir penas o sobreseer.
Género, narcotráfico y “mujeres de las circunstancia”
Entre los elementos teóricos que incluye la guía hay un concepto que resulta pertinente para tratar estos casos: «mujeres de la circunstancias». Se trata de una expresión que proviene de la Justicia norteamericana. Describe el involucramiento de mujeres en procesos penales como consecuencia de las actividades ilícitas que realizan varones de su entorno.
Esta categoría sirve para reflexionar por qué tantas veces la sola presencia de la mujer en un hogar es motivo suficiente para que se la considere responsable o cómplice. En la mayoría de estos casos, sin embargo, el lugar que ocupan ellas en estos delitos es sustancialmente inocuo o neutro.
“Es muy frecuente que cuando llega el allanamiento haya una mujer en la casa. Y las mujeres no van a hablar de inmediato de situaciones de violencia, por ejemplo, y terminan involucradas en una situación que las exceden”, agregaron desde el ministerio.
Fuente: Revista THC
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