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    Cromatografía: ¿Cómo se miden los cannabinoides?

    631 comentariosLectura de 4 min

    La cromatografía es uno de los métodos más utilizados para evaluar si el cannabis o algún derivado de este es seguro para el consumo.

    Con el avance de la industria del cannabis y el cáñamo a nivel mundial en general y en Argentina en particular, los procesos para desarrollar nuevos productos a base de la planta van mejorando. Entre las condiciones importantes para el desarrollo y registro de nuevos productos entra la cromatografía como uno de los métodos más usados para la cuantificación de cannabinoides.

    Las cromatografías pueden ser líquidas o gaseosas y son relevantes para conocer los porcentajes de distintos componentes como pueden ser el THC, CBD, CBG o CBN que tiene una genética específica de cannabis o la cantidad de cannabinoides que puede tener un producto.

    Con esta técnica el usuario o usuaria de cannabis o derivados puede conocer las proporciones de lo que va a consumir. En el caso de Argentina, el Instituto Nacional de Semillas (INASE) es uno de los organismos estatales que solicita la utilización de esta técnica.

    Cromatografía líquida. Foto: Universidad Veracruzana.

    De esta manera, el INASE le pide a los criaderos argentinos que realicen un estudio cromatográfico para poder inscribir sus genéticas en el Registro Nacional de Comercio (RNC).

    Para poder realizar la inscripción en el organismo, es requisito necesario llevar adelante este proceso cromatográfico para que el INASE lo agregue a su registro y tenga el detalle de los cannabinoides con los que cuenta cada genética nacional.

    En la actualidad ya son varias entidades públicas y privadas entre hospitales y laboratorios las que utilizan esta técnica que se encuentra en proceso de perfeccionamiento.

    El integrante del laboratorio Kilab, Guillermo Nelson, dialogó con Cannabica Argentina y explicó el método que utilizan para llevar a cabo dicha cuantificación de cannabinoides.

    “Esta cuantificación se lleva a cabo en un equipo de cromatografía líquida de alta precisión, HPLC por sus siglas en inglés de High-Performance Liquid Chromatography – cromatografía líquida de alta resolución”, expresó el profesional.

    Según indicó, se trata de una técnica analítica utilizada en química y biología para separar, identificar y cuantificar compuestos en una muestra líquida, en este caso los compuestos de cannabis.

    Proceso

    Nelson, integrante del laboratorio Kilab, detalló que en primer lugar se debe preparar la muestra de cannabis, lo que generalmente implica la extracción de los cannabinoides de la planta o del producto a analizar y su disolución en un solvente adecuado.

    Luego, se lleva adelante la inyección de la muestra disuelta en un sistema HPLC, que consiste en un dispositivo que incluye una columna cromatográfica y un detector.

    La muestra ingresa a una columna cromatográfica especializada, en el caso de cannabinoides, se utilizan columnas con propiedades que interactúan con la polaridad y la estructura química de estos compuestos del cannabis.

    Una vez que la muestra fluye a través de la columna, los cannabinoides se separan en función de sus características químicas y físicas. “Esto permite que cada cannabinoide viaje a una velocidad diferente a través de la columna y se separe”, señaló Guillermo.

    Finalizado dicho proceso en la columna los cannabinoides pasan por un detector que registra sus concentraciones y las convierte en señales eléctricas. Según afirmó el profesional, los cannabinoides se detectan en función de sus propiedades ópticas o eléctricas específicas.

    Por último, se lleva a cabo el análisis de los datos generados por el detector, los mismos se registran y analizan para determinar las concentraciones de los cannabinoides presentes en la muestra. 

    “Se utilizan patrones estándar de cada cannabinoide, que son comparados y analizados en relación con la muestra en estudio”, explicó Nelson sobre la última parte de la cuantificación de cannabinoides hecha en un equipo de cromatografía líquida.

    ¿Qué son los cannabinoides?

    Los cannabinoides son compuestos químicos que actúan sobre los receptores cannabinoides presentes en el cuerpo humano, así como en el organismo de otros mamíferos. Los receptores cannabinoides tienen un efecto directo sobre la liberación de neurotransmisores en el cerebro. En otras palabras, influyen en la forma en que el cerebro procesa la información y los compuestos químicos.

    ¿Cuáles son los cannabinoides más populares?

    Entre los cannabinoides más populares se encuentran los psicoactivos con efectos terapéuticos: THC y CBN. Y por otro lado, los no psicoactivos con efectos también terapéuticos: CBD, CBG y CBC.

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