Aunque se ha planteado como un motor de desarrollo económico en Colombia, tras seis años de su legalización es evidente la necesidad de reformas
La legalización del cannabis generó una explosión de empresas, cooperativas, asociaciones y productores individuales que vieron una gran oportunidad de negocio, pero los elegidos serán pocos.
“Esto va a ser un mercado para diez o veinte y va a tener rendimiento para esas diez, pero seguramente no de los niveles que se han pensado”, le cuenta a EL PAÍS Efraín López Amaris, director del estudio jurídico Árpez Company, que asesora gobiernos y sector privado en el tema del cannabis.
“El fracaso de la industria de cannabis viene desde las grandes escalas y repercutió en las pequeñas, y no solo en Colombia (…) Los inversionistas se dedicaron a vender expectativas sobre rendimientos futuros, captaron la inversión.
Ahora la industria tiene sobreoferta y el valor del cannabis es muy bajo. Va a haber muchas empresas quebradas”, explica López. “En ese descalabro están todos, no hay una empresa que no esté en rojo en Colombia”, afirma Diana Valenzuela, directora jurídica de Anandamida Gardens e integrante de la junta directiva de la Asociación Colombiana de Industrias del Cannabis – Asocolcanna. Precisamente, el presidente Gustavo Petro ha puesto la discusión sobre la mesa y ha abierto la puerta para hacer reformas.
Para, un problema estructural del sector está en que no hay a quién venderle. Para ella, la solución está en la regularización del uso adulto. Iniciar por la legalización del medicinal fue estratégico porque permitió “abrir mentes, o abrir paso, en un mundo de mucho estigma”, pero se requiere dar un paso más.
Esta idea encontró un aliado en la administración de Petro, quien desde su primera semana como presidente propuso legalizar el cannabis incluso sin licencia, para consumo interno y exportación.
En el empalme con el Gobierno saliente, el equipo del Pacto Histórico de Petro señaló que en el sector de drogas hay una dispersión de competencias entre entidades, que hay poco presupuesto y que había un “sistemático bloqueo del gobierno saliente, que nos entrega solo discursos misionales sin cifras”.
También mencionó la necesidad de investigar posible corrupción en contratos y frenar las acciones que generan estigmatización contra productores y consumidores. La propuesta del Gobierno es centralizar la política de drogas en la Presidencia de la República para elaborar una política pública integral, basada en un enfoque de derechos humanos y paz, con la participación de las poblaciones históricamente afectadas por la prohibición.
Hay dos proyectos de ley en el Congreso colombiano, de los congresistas Gustavo Bolívar y Alejandro Ocampo (ambos del Pacto Histórico), y otras dos propuestas de reforma constitucionales, de los representantes liberales Juan Carlos Lozada y Carlos Ardila. Todas están encaminadas a la aprobación del uso adulto del cannabis.
Se necesita cambiar la Constitución porque una enmienda a su artículo 49, hecha en 2009 e impulsada por el entonces presidente Álvaro Uribe, prohíbe el porte y el consumo de sustancias estupefacientes o sicotrópicas salvo prescripción médica.
El proyecto más completo es el de Bolívar, que propone la legalización para mayores de 18 años, desde un enfoque similar al propuesto por el equipo de empalme. Hace énfasis en la inclusión de los pequeños y medianos productores, especialmente los de las regiones afectadas por los cultivos de uso ilícito y por el conflicto armado, con medidas específicas para facilitarles el acceso a las licencias como hacerlas gratuitas, así como el reconocimiento de semillas de comunidades indígenas, campesinas y minorías raciales.
En relación con el consumo, contempla la garantía para el auto – cultivo, la creación de dispensarios públicos o privados, el comercio electrónico y la conformación de clubes o asociaciones.
Bolívar aborda también la eliminación de antecedentes penales para las personas condenadas por delitos relacionados con el cannabis, cuando los responsables estén “en situación de pobreza, extrema vulnerabilidad por su condición de exclusión, discapacidad, coacción de un tercero”. Esto refuerza la libertad que podrían pedir alegando el principio de favorabilidad penal.
Solamente en el municipio caucano de Toribio, las autoridades tradicionales reportan saber de unos 300 jóvenes privados de libertad por hechos relacionados con la marihuana, explica Buenaventura Opocué, vicepresidente de la Asociación Agropecuaria indígena y campesina de cannabis medicinal – ASOICANN, integrada por habitantes de ese municipio.
Además de la reforma legislativa, los productores grandes pequeños y medianos consultados coinciden en que la promesa solo despegará si además el Gobierno toma medidas decisivas, como asumir el apoyo a los pequeños y medianos productores de cannabis con apoyo técnico.
“No he visto muy frecuentemente que el Estado renuncie a su responsabilidad de manera tan directa” afirma Julián Wilches, cofundador y director de asuntos corporativos y regulatorios de Clever Leaves , una de las principales productoras de cannabis medicinal en el país.
En relación específica con los pequeños y medianos, López afirma que solamente el Estado va a poder sacarlos adelante, y “con mucho dinero de por medio”. Valenzuela considera que el Estado debe invertir también en la investigación, especialmente en el ámbito médico, que es prácticamente inexistente en el país.
El Ministerio de Ciencia solo ha apoyado una iniciativa, encaminada a promover la transferencia tecnológica necesaria para producir cannabis y sus derivados en Colombia, llamada “Evaluación de formulaciones nanoestructuradas de extractos de Cannabis encapsulados en micelas poliméricas para el tratamiento del dolor crónico”.
Óscar Ospina Quintero, secretario de salud de Popayán, está tratando de impulsar una asociación de médicos especialistas prescriptores de cannabis. Para él, se requiere formarlos en el conocimiento de los usos médicos de la planta e inclusive traer a quienes más han avanzado en eso en otros países.
Hoy solamente existen hay dos medicamentos aprobados con base de cannabis en Colombia, el Epidiolex y el Sativex, por lo que el acceso de los pacientes ha sido por medio de fórmulas magistrales, elaboradas por un boticario a partir de una prescripción médica personalizada según las necesidades específicas del paciente, como señala Valenzuela.
Que el cannabis siga figurando como una sustancia psicoactiva de uso controlado genera suspicacia de parte de muchos profesionales de la salud.
En el sector también piden solucionar el tránsito de quienes ya cultivan marihuana hacia la producción legal. En ASOICANN, explica Opocué, no lograron obtener una licencia de cultivo.
Cuenta que el Ministerio de Justicia demoró un año la visita técnica inicial que debía hacer en menos de dos meses; cuando la hicieron, se había dañado la infraestructura construida y no tenían los recursos para reconstruirla. Además, el cannabis no está incluido en el Programa Nacional de Sustitución de Cultivos de Uso Ilícito.
Opocué cuenta que las más de 7.000 familias cultivadoras de marihuana de Toribío se están preparando para la legalización del cannabis de uso adulto. Dice que esperan que se priorice el norte del Cauca “con infraestructura, con licencias, con comercialización”. Proponen también que el gobierno propio de los pueblos indígenas pueda dar licencias.
La necesidad de que la producción legal mejore las regiones afectadas por la guerra contra las drogas está también sobre la mesa. El centro de pensamiento Dejusticia publicó un estudio el 4 de agosto en el que propone que la política fiscal establezca impuestos a la producción, comercialización y consumo de marihuana en un mercado legalizado.
Tomando el modelo existente en Estados Unidos, proponen que los recursos obtenidos por esta vía se destinen a programas de reparación en los territorios afectados.
Un último tema que piden los consultados es la creación de espacios de articulación para elaborar una política pública que fortalezca el sector. “De eso se encarga la dirección de cadenas productivas del Ministerio de Agricultura y desde hace dos o más años se ha venido tratando de consolidar la cadena productiva”, dice Efraín López. Agrega que la cadena es importante porque sería el vehículo de interlocución entre el Gobierno y la industria.
Todavía no ha sido conformada, aunque hay avances regionales sobre todo en Cundinamarca, Antioquia y Cauca; para López se consolidará cuando el sector se depure un poco.
Ospina ha venido avanzando desde la Secretaría de Salud de Popayán en conformar una mesa cannabica en el municipio. Están trabajando en un decreto que le dé respaldo legal para que “pueda hacer incidencia en los usos medicinal y recreativo, haciendo pactos ciudadanos y planteando debates, por ejemplo, de quién puede usar un parque. Hay que hacerlo trabajando con la gente”. Espera que el alcalde firme el decreto antes de octubre de este año.
Sin esas reformas legales que despenalicen el consumo adulto y regulen el mercado, y esas medidas que lo doten de las herramientas que tienen otros sectores legales, la marihuana seguirá nutriendo la economía ilegal y seguirán lejanas las expectativas de los campesinos e indígenas de encontrar en el cannabis un camino a la productividad.
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